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  • Question 1 - During normal pregnancy, a weight gain is anticipated. The average weight gain is...

    Incorrect

    • During normal pregnancy, a weight gain is anticipated. The average weight gain is approximately:

      Your Answer: 5-10 kg

      Correct Answer: 10-15 kg

      Explanation:

      Institute of Medicine Weight Gain Recommendations for Pregnancy: Recommends a gestational weight gain of 16.8–24.5 kg (37–54 lb) for women of normal weight, 14.1–22.7 kg (31–50 lb) for overweight women, and 11.3–19.1 kg (25–42 lb) for obese women.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      38.7
      Seconds
  • Question 2 - The average normal heart rate of a foetus at term is : ...

    Correct

    • The average normal heart rate of a foetus at term is :

      Your Answer: 120-160 bpm

      Explanation:

      The normal fetal heart rate ranges from 120-160 beats per minute in the uterine period.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      5.7
      Seconds
  • Question 3 - During the inflammatory phase of wound healing what is the predominant cell type...

    Correct

    • During the inflammatory phase of wound healing what is the predominant cell type found in the wound during days 3-4?

      Your Answer: Macrophages

      Explanation:

      PMNs phagocytise debris and kill bacteria via free radicals (AKA respiratory burst). They also break down damaged tissue. PMNs typically undergo apoptosis after 48 hours. They are then engulfed and degraded by macrophages. Macrophages therefore become the predominant cell type in the wound on days 3-4.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      10.7
      Seconds
  • Question 4 - Which one of the following factors will most likely increase the chances of...

    Correct

    • Which one of the following factors will most likely increase the chances of ovulation in female?

      Your Answer: LH surge

      Explanation:

      Different changes can occur during the menstrual cycle including an increased body temperature at the time of ovulation, thinning of the cervical mucus and few other changes, but it is the LH surge which is the most important factor necessary for ovulation.
      Mittelschmerz is characterised by recurrent midcycle pain which occurs around the time of ovulation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      17.1
      Seconds
  • Question 5 - What is the typical volume increase of a non-pregnant uterus to term uterus?...

    Incorrect

    • What is the typical volume increase of a non-pregnant uterus to term uterus?

      Your Answer: 10ml to 1000ml

      Correct Answer: 10ml to 5000ml

      Explanation:

      Uterine blood flow increases 40-fold to approximately 700 mL/min at term. The uterus is 50–60 g with a volume of approximately 10ml prior to pregnancy and 1000 – 1200 g with a volume of 5000ml by term.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      14.5
      Seconds
  • Question 6 - Regarding cardiac output in pregnancy which of the following statements is TRUE? ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding cardiac output in pregnancy which of the following statements is TRUE?

      Your Answer: Cardiac output increases by approximately 10-15% during pregnancy

      Correct Answer: Cardiac output increases by approximately 40-50% during pregnancy

      Explanation:

      In a non pregnant adult female the cardiac output is 4.5L/min, by the 20 week of pregnancy the cardiac output increases by 40% to 6.3L/min. During early stages of labour it increases further still by 17% to 7.3L/min.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      12
      Seconds
  • Question 7 - In the absence of any gross pelvic abnormality, cephalopelvic disproportion can be correctly...

    Correct

    • In the absence of any gross pelvic abnormality, cephalopelvic disproportion can be correctly diagnosed by?

      Your Answer: Trial of labour

      Explanation:

      Cephalo-pelvic disproportion exists when the capacity of the pelvis is inadequate to allow the foetus to negotiate the birth canal. This may be due to a small pelvis, a nongynecoid pelvic formation, a large foetus, an unfavourable orientation of the foetus, or a combination of these factors. Diagnosis of CPD may be made when there is failure to progress, but not all cases of prolonged labour are the result of CPD. Use of ultrasound to measure the size of the foetus in the womb is controversial, as these methods are often inaccurate and may lead to unnecessary caesarean section; a trial of labour is often recommended even if size of the foetus is estimated to be large.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      14
      Seconds
  • Question 8 - Examination of endometrial tissue obtained from a biopsy reveals simple columnar epithelium with...

    Incorrect

    • Examination of endometrial tissue obtained from a biopsy reveals simple columnar epithelium with no sub-nuclear vacuoles. The stroma is oedematous, & a tortuous gland contains secretions. These findings are consistent with which stage of the menstrual cycle?

      Your Answer: Early secretory

      Correct Answer: Mid-secretory

      Explanation:

      During mid secretory phase, the endometrium cells undergo distension, become more tortuous and are lined by columnar cells.
      In the early proliferative phase, the glandular epithelium is cubo-columnar, while in the late proliferative phase, the glands increase in size, becoming tortuous and there is pseudostratification of the epithelium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      34.2
      Seconds
  • Question 9 - Regarding amniotic fluid volume: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding amniotic fluid volume:

      Your Answer: Maybe predicted by ultrasound

      Explanation:

      Amniotic fluid can be measured with the help of ultrasound to gauge the amniotic fluid index. The normal value ranges between 8-18.
      Amniocentesis is a procedure by which amniotic fluid is removed. In rhesus disease, it appears yellow due to raised bilirubin levels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      17.5
      Seconds
  • Question 10 - Luteal phase deficiency is characterised by: ...

    Correct

    • Luteal phase deficiency is characterised by:

      Your Answer: Has inadequate luteal progesterone production

      Explanation:

      Luteal phase occurs after the ovulation. Luteal defect means that the luteal phase is shorter than 10 days and women will find it difficult to sustain the pregnancy. There is decreased progesterone, LH and FSH production in this case.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      46.7
      Seconds
  • Question 11 - Which of the following is/are needed by women in increased amounts during pregnancy?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is/are needed by women in increased amounts during pregnancy?

      Your Answer: All of the options given

      Explanation:

      The nutritional status of a woman before and during pregnancy is important for a healthy pregnancy outcome. Pregnancy is a state of increased requirement of macro and micronutrients, and malnourishment or inadequate dietary intake before and during pregnancy, can lead to adverse perinatal outcomes. Many nutritional interventions have been proposed for pregnant mothers. These include multiple micronutrients (MMN), iron/folate, balanced protein energy, calcium, zinc and folic acid supplementation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      94.8
      Seconds
  • Question 12 - Regarding cardiac examination during pregnancy which of the following findings should be considered...

    Correct

    • Regarding cardiac examination during pregnancy which of the following findings should be considered pathological

      Your Answer: Diastolic murmur

      Explanation:

      Diastolic murmurs should be considered pathological until proven otherwise. The following are common and typically benign findings in pregnancy: A third heart sound after mid-pregnancy. Systolic flow murmurs are common. Left axis deviation on ECG is common, Sagging ST segments and inversion or flattening of the T wave in lead III may also occur

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      21.2
      Seconds
  • Question 13 - All of the following factors are associated with umbilical cord prolapse, except? ...

    Incorrect

    • All of the following factors are associated with umbilical cord prolapse, except?

      Your Answer: Cephalo pelvic disproportion

      Correct Answer: Anencephaly

      Explanation:

      Anencephaly means the missing of a particular portion of the scalp and brain tissue. The other factors listed are associated with umbilical cord prolapse like multiparity, twin birth, polyhydramnios, premature delivery, long umbilical cord or breech presentation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      12
      Seconds
  • Question 14 - If a hyalinised mass is formed from an involuted corpus leuteum, it is...

    Correct

    • If a hyalinised mass is formed from an involuted corpus leuteum, it is known as:

      Your Answer: Corpus albicans

      Explanation:

      Corpus albicans is the regressed form of the corpus leuteum. It is formed when the corpus leuteum is engulfed by macrophages and a scar or fibrous tissue is formed, called the corpus albicans.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      7.1
      Seconds
  • Question 15 - Regarding electronic fetal monitoring, which one of the following statements is true? ...

    Correct

    • Regarding electronic fetal monitoring, which one of the following statements is true?

      Your Answer: Has low specificity but high sensitivity

      Explanation:

      There are different ways of monitoring fetal heart rate during pregnancy. It can be done by just auscultation or by electronic fetal heart rate monitoring which is done with the help of an ultrasound machine and has a low specificity but high sensitivity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      168.2
      Seconds
  • Question 16 - Normally, pregnancy in 2nd trimester is characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT:...

    Incorrect

    • Normally, pregnancy in 2nd trimester is characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT:

      Your Answer: Decreased fasting plasma glucose

      Correct Answer: Elevated fasting plasma glucose

      Explanation:

      Elevated fasting plasma glucose means gestational diabetes mellitus and is not considered to be in the spectrum of a normal pregnancy. In normal pregnancy however, maternal tissues become progressively insensitive to insulin. This is believed to be caused partly by hormones from the placenta and partly by other obesity and pregnancy related factors that are not fully understood. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occurs in about 5% of pregnancies but figures vary considerably depending upon the criteria used and demographic characteristics of the population.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      25.8
      Seconds
  • Question 17 - All of the following statements regarding human chorionic gonadotrophin are true except:: ...

    Incorrect

    • All of the following statements regarding human chorionic gonadotrophin are true except::

      Your Answer: Is reversible for the maintenance of corpus luteum

      Correct Answer: It's level doubles every 48 hours in ectopic pregnancy

      Explanation:

      In normal pregnancy the levels of hCG doubles after every 48-72 hours but in case of ectopic pregnancy the levels of hCG are lower than the normal. It is produced by the placenta and its main role is nourishment of the egg after implantation. Its levels reached a peak at 8-10 weeks of pregnancy and after that the levels decreases for the remainder of pregnancy. In hydatiform mole and trophoblastic diseases its the main hormone for diagnosis of the disease because the levels are highly elevated.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      55.6
      Seconds
  • Question 18 - Regarding cardiac examination during pregnancy which of the following findings should be considered...

    Correct

    • Regarding cardiac examination during pregnancy which of the following findings should be considered pathological?

      Your Answer: Diastolic murmur

      Explanation:

      Diastolic murmurs occur in conditions such as mitral stenosis, tricuspid stenosis and even in carditis. They are always pathological during pregnancy. Systolic murmurs and left axis deviation may be normal during pregnancy due to an increase in the blood volume and load on the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      5.8
      Seconds
  • Question 19 - All the following are possible causes of polyhydramnios, EXCEPT: ...

    Incorrect

    • All the following are possible causes of polyhydramnios, EXCEPT:

      Your Answer: Diabetes

      Correct Answer: IUGR

      Explanation:

      An underlying disease is only found in 17 % of cases in mild polyhydramnios. In contrast, an underlying disease is detected in 91 % of cases in moderate to severe polyhydramnios. The literature lists the following potential aetiologies: fetal malformations and genetic anomalies (8–45 %), maternal diabetes mellitus (5–26 %), multiple pregnancies (8–10 %), fetal anaemia (1–11 %), other causes, e.g. viral infections, Bartter syndrome, neuromuscular disorders, maternal hypercalcemia. Viral infections which can lead to polyhydramnios include parvovirus B19, rubella, and cytomegalovirus. Other infections, e.g. toxoplasmosis and syphilis, can also cause polyhydramnios.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      29.7
      Seconds
  • Question 20 - Physiological changes in the reproductive system include: ...

    Incorrect

    • Physiological changes in the reproductive system include:

      Your Answer: There is no change in the cervix

      Correct Answer: The uterus 1st enlarges by hyperplasia then by hypertrophy

      Explanation:

      Although uterine growth during the first few weeks of pregnancy is accomplished by increased numbers of smooth muscle cells (i.e. hyperplasia) and a smaller contribution from increased cell size (i.e. hypertrophy), the predominant growth of the uterus during pregnancy is by way of stretch‐induced myometrial hypertrophy. This ongoing process of stretch‐induced tissue remodelling and smooth muscle hypertrophy is accompanied by the lack of uterine contractions during most of gestation to accommodate the developing foetus (phase 0 of parturition). Phase 1 of parturition represents myometrial activation. The final stages of pregnancy are characterized by increases in spontaneous low‐amplitude contractions that gradually increase in frequency, rhythmicity and strength, normally culminating in labour and delivery of the foetus at term (phase 2 of parturition).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      6.7
      Seconds
  • Question 21 - The β-hCG curve in maternal serum in a normal pregnancy peaks at: ...

    Correct

    • The β-hCG curve in maternal serum in a normal pregnancy peaks at:

      Your Answer: 10 weeks of pregnancy

      Explanation:

      During the first 8 weeks of pregnancy, concentrations of hCG in the blood and urine usually double every 24 hours. Levels of the hormone typically peak at around 10 weeks, decline until 16 weeks, then remain constant.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      17.1
      Seconds
  • Question 22 - What is the primary form of haemoglobin in a 6 week old foetus?...

    Incorrect

    • What is the primary form of haemoglobin in a 6 week old foetus?

      Your Answer: Hb Portland 1

      Correct Answer: Hb Gower 1

      Explanation:

      HB gower 1 is the predominant embryonic haemoglobin when the foetus is 6 weeks old and is replaced by adult haemoglobin by the age of 5 months post natally.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      3.9
      Seconds
  • Question 23 - We can detect the fetal heart beat by Sonography (transvaginal) at: ...

    Incorrect

    • We can detect the fetal heart beat by Sonography (transvaginal) at:

      Your Answer: 9 weeks

      Correct Answer: 6 weeks

      Explanation:

      The earliest fetal heart rate detected transvaginally was at 6 weeks 0 days of gestation compared with 7 weeks 0 days transabdominally. The transvaginal Doppler method was also more successful in detecting the fetal heart rate in women with a retroverted uterus (p < or = 0.01).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      11.4
      Seconds
  • Question 24 - During wound healing the clotting cascade is activated. Which of the following activates...

    Incorrect

    • During wound healing the clotting cascade is activated. Which of the following activates the extrinsic pathway?

      Your Answer: Fibrin

      Correct Answer: Tissue Factor

      Explanation:

      The extrinsic pathway is activated by the tissue factor, which converts factor VII to VIIa which later on converts factors X and II to their activated form finally leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin fibres.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      147
      Seconds
  • Question 25 - A 25 year old primigravida with a regular cycle had her last menstrual...

    Incorrect

    • A 25 year old primigravida with a regular cycle had her last menstrual period on June 30th. Therefore the expected date of delivery (EDD) is approximately when the following year:

      Your Answer: 23-Mar

      Correct Answer: 7-Apr

      Explanation:

      Expected date of delivery (EDD) is a calculated from the first day of the woman’s last menstrual period. If her periods are regular i.e., 28-day menstrual cycle, Naegele’s rule may be used. Naegele’s rule involves a simple calculation: add seven days to the first day of your LMP and then subtract three months. e.g. 30 June + 7 days = 7 July, minus 3 months = 7 April.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      26.1
      Seconds
  • Question 26 - What is the normal pH value of an umbilical arterial sample of a...

    Incorrect

    • What is the normal pH value of an umbilical arterial sample of a new born term baby?

      Your Answer: 6.2

      Correct Answer: 7.2

      Explanation:

      The normal range for a term baby is pH: 7.18 – 7.38, and preterm pH: 7.14 – 7.4. A pH below 7.1 therefore indicates acidosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      12.1
      Seconds
  • Question 27 - After birth, all of the following vessels constrict, EXCEPT the: ...

    Incorrect

    • After birth, all of the following vessels constrict, EXCEPT the:

      Your Answer: Umbilical vein

      Correct Answer: Hepatic portal vein

      Explanation:

      Immediately after birth the liver is deprived of the large flow of blood supplied during foetal development via the umbilical vein and portal sinus. Simultaneously the blood pressure in the portal sinus, previously as high as in the umbilical vein, falls.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      10.1
      Seconds
  • Question 28 - The following ultrasonic measurements may be used to confirm or establish gestational age:...

    Correct

    • The following ultrasonic measurements may be used to confirm or establish gestational age:

      Your Answer: Crown rump length

      Explanation:

      Fetal ultrasound scanning is considered an essential part of routine antenatal care with first trimester scans recommended for confirming viability, accurate estimation of gestational age and determining the number of foetuses. Fetal crown-rump length (CRL) is measured in early pregnancy primarily to determine the gestation age (GA) of a foetus and is most reliable between 9+0 to 13+6 weeks’ gestation, but not beyond.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      11.3
      Seconds
  • Question 29 - Which of the following would normally be expected to increase during pregnancy: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following would normally be expected to increase during pregnancy:

      Your Answer: Core temperature

      Correct Answer: Thyroxin-binding globulin

      Explanation:

      Thyroid function in pregnancy is altered in two ways; the circulating levels of the thyroid binding proteins are increased, resulting in an increase in the total circulating levels of thyroid hormones (but a slight fall in the free component).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      12.2
      Seconds
  • Question 30 - Chief role of the mid-cycle LH surge is: ...

    Incorrect

    • Chief role of the mid-cycle LH surge is:

      Your Answer: Enhances thecal cell androgen production

      Correct Answer: All are correct

      Explanation:

      LH surge occurs around ovulation and it is this LH surge which results in completion of the 1st meiotic division and ovulation occurs. It enhances the production of androgens and also luteinizes the granulosa cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      11.1
      Seconds
  • Question 31 - What is the typical weight of a non-pregnant premenopausal uterus? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the typical weight of a non-pregnant premenopausal uterus?

      Your Answer: 400g

      Correct Answer: 40g

      Explanation:

      Uterine blood flow increases 40-fold to approximately 700 mL/min at term, with 80 per cent of the blood. The uterus is 50–60 g prior to pregnancy and 1000 g by term. The volume increases from 10 ml to 5000ml approx. It is around 40g at menopause.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      18.4
      Seconds
  • Question 32 - Changes in the urinary tract system in pregnancy include: ...

    Incorrect

    • Changes in the urinary tract system in pregnancy include:

      Your Answer: Increase in BUN & creatinine

      Correct Answer: Increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

      Explanation:

      Pregnancy involves remarkable orchestration of physiologic changes. The kidneys are central players in the evolving hormonal milieu of pregnancy, responding and contributing to the changes in the environment for the pregnant woman and foetus. The functional impact of pregnancy on kidney physiology is widespread, involving practically all aspects of kidney function. The glomerular filtration rate increases 50% with subsequent decrease in serum creatinine, urea, and uric acid values. 

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      9.8
      Seconds
  • Question 33 - Which of the following causes of polyhydramnios is more common? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following causes of polyhydramnios is more common?

      Your Answer: Twin pregnancy

      Correct Answer: Idiopathic

      Explanation:

      Maternal disorders, such as diabetes, in-utero infections, drug usage, placental abnormalities and fetal conditions as congenital and chromosomal abnormalities, Rh iso-immunization, and multiple gestations, are generally associated with polyhydramnios. Congenital abnormalities such as duodenal, oesophageal, or intestinal atresia of the foetus are the most common malformations that typically cause gastro-intestinal obstruction and interfere with fetal swallowing and/or absorption resulting with polyhydramnios. However, in about 70% of cases, none of the aforementioned aetiologies are causes of polyhydramnios, and it is referred to as idiopathic or isolated.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      7.9
      Seconds
  • Question 34 - The expected date of delivery of a human pregnancy can be calculated as:...

    Correct

    • The expected date of delivery of a human pregnancy can be calculated as:

      Your Answer: 40 weeks after last menstrual period

      Explanation:

      Expected date of delivery/estimated due date (EDD) is a calculated date (i.e., an estimation), determined by counting forward 280 days (40 weeks) from the first day of the woman’s last menstrual period.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      39.6
      Seconds
  • Question 35 - Besides infertility, the most common symptoms of a luteal phase defect is: ...

    Incorrect

    • Besides infertility, the most common symptoms of a luteal phase defect is:

      Your Answer: Vaginal dryness

      Correct Answer: Early abortion

      Explanation:

      Luteal phase defect is an ovulatory disorder of considerable clinical importance that is implicated in infertility and recurrent spontaneous abortion. 

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      16.5
      Seconds
  • Question 36 - Maternal serum prolactin levels in pregnancy are highest: ...

    Incorrect

    • Maternal serum prolactin levels in pregnancy are highest:

      Your Answer: At the end of gestation just before delivery of the infant

      Correct Answer: On the 3rd to 4th day postpartum

      Explanation:

      Prolactin is necessary for the secretion of milk by the cells of the alveoli. The level of prolactin in the blood increases markedly during pregnancy, and stimulates the growth and development of the mammary tissue, in preparation for the production of milk. However, milk is not secreted then, because progesterone and oestrogen, the hormones of pregnancy, block this action of prolactin. After delivery, levels of progesterone and oestrogen fall rapidly, prolactin is no longer blocked, and milk secretion begins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      25.3
      Seconds
  • Question 37 - When does ovulation occur? ...

    Incorrect

    • When does ovulation occur?

      Your Answer: Immediately after LH surge

      Correct Answer: 36 hours after LH surge

      Explanation:

      Ovulation occurs in the mid stage of the menstrual cycle, usually 36 hours after the LH surge. It is this LH surge which is necessary for the ovulation to occur.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      14.9
      Seconds
  • Question 38 - During the inflammatory phase of wound healing what is the predominant cell type...

    Incorrect

    • During the inflammatory phase of wound healing what is the predominant cell type found in the wound during days 3-4?

      Your Answer: Monomorphonuclear Neutrophils (MMNs)

      Correct Answer: Macrophages

      Explanation:

      Wound healing is initiated when inflammation begins. Macrophages predominate after neutrophils and peak 3-4 days after inflammation begins. They destroy and phagocytose the organism and debris using enzymes. The next step is the resolution of inflammation and healing of the wound.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      10.7
      Seconds
  • Question 39 - A serum progesterone value less than 5ng/ml can exclude the diagnosis of viable...

    Correct

    • A serum progesterone value less than 5ng/ml can exclude the diagnosis of viable pregnancy with a certainty of:

      Your Answer: 100%

      Explanation:

      Serum progesterone has been proposed as a useful test to distinguish a viable pregnancy from a miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy. Low progesterone values are associated with miscarriages and ectopic pregnancies, both considered non-viable pregnancies, and high progesterone concentrations with viable pregnancies. A single progesterone measurement for women in early pregnancy presenting with bleeding or pain and inconclusive ultrasound assessments can rule out a viable pregnancy. The probability of a non-viable pregnancy was raised from 62.9% to 96.8%.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      7.4
      Seconds
  • Question 40 - What is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia?

      Your Answer: Myeloma

      Correct Answer: Primary hyperparathyroidism

      Explanation:

      Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia. It is usually caused by a tumour of the parathyroid gland. Symptoms are related to increased calcium levels which can cause kidney stones, abdominal groans, psychiatric overtones and bones disease such as osteoporosis,osteomalacia and arthritis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      26
      Seconds
  • Question 41 - Regarding blood volume in pregnancy which of the following statements is TRUE? ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding blood volume in pregnancy which of the following statements is TRUE?

      Your Answer: Blood volume increases by approximately 5%

      Correct Answer: Blood volume slowly increases by 40-50%

      Explanation:

      Maternal blood volume expands during pregnancy to allow adequate perfusion of vital organs, including the placenta and foetus, and to anticipate blood loss associated with delivery. The rapid expansion of blood volume begins at 6–8 weeks gestation and plateaus at 32–34 weeks gestation. While there is some increase in intracellular water, the most marked expansion occurs in extracellular fluid volume, especially circulating plasma volume. This expanded extracellular fluid volume accounts for between 8 and 10 kg of the average maternal weight gain during pregnancy. Overall, total body water increases from 6.5 to 8.5 L by the end of pregnancy.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      11.8
      Seconds
  • Question 42 - Which of the following tests is used to detect antibodies or complement bound...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following tests is used to detect antibodies or complement bound to red blood cell antigens in vivo?

      Your Answer: Indirect Coombs

      Correct Answer: Direct Coombs

      Explanation:

      When the red cells are coated with immune IgG antibody, the cells do not agglutinate but when anti-IgG antiserum is added to these sensitized cells visible agglutination occurs. This is known as a positive direct coombs test.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      22.2
      Seconds
  • Question 43 - During wound healing collagen alignment along tension lines is part of which phase?...

    Incorrect

    • During wound healing collagen alignment along tension lines is part of which phase?

      Your Answer: Haemostasis

      Correct Answer: Remodelling

      Explanation:

      Realignment of collagen is part of the remodelling phase. Remodelling is usually underway by week 3. Maximum tensile wound strength is typically achieved by week 12.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      8.9
      Seconds
  • Question 44 - The following are presumptive skin signs of pregnancy, except: ...

    Incorrect

    • The following are presumptive skin signs of pregnancy, except:

      Your Answer: Linea nigra

      Correct Answer: Maculo-papular rash

      Explanation:

      Skin signs during pregnancy may include: dark spots on the breasts, nipples and inner thighs, melasma (chloasma), linea nigra, stretch marks, acne, spider telangiectasis and varicose veins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      13.1
      Seconds
  • Question 45 - Which of the following statements is true regarding heart rate in pregnancy? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following statements is true regarding heart rate in pregnancy?

      Your Answer: Heart rate decreases by 15 beats per minute

      Correct Answer: Heart rate increases by 15 beats per minute

      Explanation:

      During the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, cardiac output increases by about 30-50%. To maintain this increase, systemic vascular resistance decreases by 20-30%, while stroke volume and the heart rate increase by 25-30% and 15 beats per minute respectively.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      5
      Seconds
  • Question 46 - In pregnancy, the following lung function value remains unchanged: ...

    Incorrect

    • In pregnancy, the following lung function value remains unchanged:

      Your Answer: ERV

      Correct Answer: FEV1

      Explanation:

      The biochemical and mechanical effects of progesterone and the enlarging uterus are responsible for some changes in lung function during pregnancy.

      Progesterone increases the sensitivity of the respiratory centre to arterial carbon dioxide while also causing hyperaemia in the airway leading to nasal obstruction. As a result, minute ventilation and tidal volume increase by 50% to allow greater arterial oxygen saturation.

      The enlarging uterus displaces the diaphragm upwards, and also limits the movement of the thoracic cage, thereby decreasing the functional residual capacity (FRC) and the expiratory reserve volume (ERV) by 20%.

      Functional Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) remain unchanged in pregnancy.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      17.9
      Seconds
  • Question 47 - Which one of the following features best describes the role of prostaglandins? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following features best describes the role of prostaglandins?

      Your Answer: Are small polypeptides

      Correct Answer: Are involved in the onset of labour

      Explanation:

      Prostaglandins are involved in the uterine contraction and cervical dilatation during labour. Higher prostaglandin concentrations can also lead to severe menstrual cramps.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      16.9
      Seconds
  • Question 48 - Immediate delivery of the foetus is recommended at which fetal scalp pH? ...

    Incorrect

    • Immediate delivery of the foetus is recommended at which fetal scalp pH?

      Your Answer: 7.3

      Correct Answer: 7.18

      Explanation:

      A pH value below than 7.18 indicates acidosis which can result in hypoxic brain injury. In order to prevent brain injury, immediate delivery of the foetus should be planned. The normal range for a term baby is pH: 7.18 – 7.38, preterm pH: 7.14 – 7.4.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      10.2
      Seconds
  • Question 49 - Maternal mortality rate is lowest in which age group? ...

    Incorrect

    • Maternal mortality rate is lowest in which age group?

      Your Answer: 30 - 40

      Correct Answer: 20 - 30

      Explanation:

      The maternal mortality rate starts low and raises steeply after the age of 30 years. The lowest mortality rate recorded among women is between 19-30 years of age group.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      8.2
      Seconds
  • Question 50 - What percentage of patients with breast cancer have hypercalcaemia ...

    Incorrect

    • What percentage of patients with breast cancer have hypercalcaemia

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 20%

      Explanation:

      20% of the patients with breast cancer will have hypercalcemia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

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Physiology (28/49) 57%
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