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  • Question 1 - Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal features of acute...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal features of acute inflammation:

      Your Answer: Discharge

      Explanation:

      Classic signs:
      Rubor (redness)
      Calor (heat)
      Dolour (pain)
      Tumour (swelling)
      Functio laesa (loss of function)
      These classic signs are produced by a rapid vascular response and cellular events. The main function of these events is to bring elements of the immune system to the site of injury and prevent further tissue damage.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Inflammatory Responses
      • Pathology
      7.3
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Coagulative necrosis is typically seen in which of the following: ...

    Correct

    • Coagulative necrosis is typically seen in which of the following:

      Your Answer: Myocardial infarction

      Explanation:

      Coagulative necrosis is the most common form of necrosis characterised by the loss of cell nuclei, but with general preservation of the underlying architecture. Dead tissue is macroscopically pale and firm. This is the classic pattern seen in myocardial infarction.Liquefactive necrosis leads to complete loss of cellular structure and conversion into a soft, semi-solid mass. This is typically seen in the brain following cerebral infarction.Caseous necrosis is most commonly seen in tuberculosis. Histologically, the complete loss of normal tissue architecture is replaced by amorphous, granular and eosinophilic tissue with a variable amount of fat and an appearance reminiscent of cottage cheese.Gangrenous necrosis is necrosis with putrefaction of tissues due to exposure to air (dry gangrene) or infection (wet gangrene).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Inflammatory Responses
      • Pathology
      6.6
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - C-reactive protein (CRP) synthesis is predominantly stimulated by which of the following cytokines:...

    Incorrect

    • C-reactive protein (CRP) synthesis is predominantly stimulated by which of the following cytokines:

      Your Answer: IL-5

      Correct Answer: IL-6

      Explanation:

      Activated leukocytes, adipocytes, and endothelial cells all release interleukin 6 (IL-6), a significant proinflammatory cytokine. The main downstream mediator of the acute phase response is C-reactive protein, which is predominantly produced by IL-6–dependent hepatic biosynthesis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Inflammatory Responses
      • Pathology
      14
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which of the following is NOT an effect of cytokine activity: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is NOT an effect of cytokine activity:

      Your Answer: Increased antibody production

      Correct Answer: Opsonisation of bacteria for phagocytosis

      Explanation:

      Cytokines are a family of chemical messengers, secreted by leucocytes, that act over short distances by binding specific receptors on target cell surfaces. They include: interleukins (act between leucocytes), interferons (inhibit replication of viruses within cells and activate macrophages and natural killer cells), growth factors, and tumour necrosis factors (kill tumour cells). Effects include: induction of fever and acute phase response, stimulation of leucocyte differentiation and maturation, leucocyte recruitment and activation and increased antibody production.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Inflammatory Responses
      • Pathology
      13.3
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Fibrinoid necrosis is typically seen in which of the following: ...

    Correct

    • Fibrinoid necrosis is typically seen in which of the following:

      Your Answer: Malignant hypertension

      Explanation:

      Fibrinoid necrosis occurs in malignant hypertension where increased arterial pressure results in necrosis of smooth muscle wall. Eosinophilic and fibrinous deposits are seen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Inflammatory Responses
      • Pathology
      47.3
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Fat necrosis is typically seen in which of the following: ...

    Correct

    • Fat necrosis is typically seen in which of the following:

      Your Answer: Acute pancreatitis

      Explanation:

      Fat necrosis typically occurs following either direct trauma or from enzymatic lipolysis in acute pancreatitis, where release of triglyceride elicits a rapid inflammatory response and fat is phagocytosed by neutrophils and macrophages with subsequent fibrosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Inflammatory Responses
      • Pathology
      5.3
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Caseous necrosis is typically seen in which of the following: ...

    Correct

    • Caseous necrosis is typically seen in which of the following:

      Your Answer: Tuberculosis

      Explanation:

      Caseous necrosis is most commonly seen in tuberculosis. Histologically, the complete loss of normal tissue architecture is replaced by amorphous, granular and eosinophilic tissue with a variable amount of fat and an appearance reminiscent of cottage cheese.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Inflammatory Responses
      • Pathology
      4.1
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Langhans giant cells, seen in granulomatous inflammation. are: ...

    Incorrect

    • Langhans giant cells, seen in granulomatous inflammation. are:

      Your Answer: Specialised liver macrophages

      Correct Answer: Multinucleated cells formed from fusion of epithelioid cells

      Explanation:

      A granuloma is a collection of five or more epithelioid macrophages, with or without attendant lymphocytes and fibroblasts; epithelioid macrophages are altered macrophages which have turned themselves over to becoming giant phagocytosing and killing machines, they often fuse to become multinucleate (Langhans) giant cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Inflammatory Responses
      • Pathology
      15.9
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which of the following cytokines is important for the maintenance of granulomatous inflammation:...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following cytokines is important for the maintenance of granulomatous inflammation:

      Your Answer: IL-4

      Correct Answer: TNF-alpha

      Explanation:

      Granulomatous inflammation is a distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation that is encountered in a limited number of infectious and some non-infectious conditions. Briefly, a granuloma is a cellular attempt to contain an offending agent that is difficult to eradicate. In this attempt, there is often strong activation of T lymphocytes leading to macrophage activation, which can cause injury to normal tissues. IL-1 is important in initiating granuloma formation, IL-2 can cause them to enlarge and TNF-α maintains them.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Inflammatory Responses
      • Pathology
      7.5
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - A 24 year old male sustained an insect bite and presents with a...

    Incorrect

    • A 24 year old male sustained an insect bite and presents with a red hot arm and acute cellulitis has been diagnosed. The predominant white cells in this type of acute inflammation are:

      Your Answer: Eosinophils

      Correct Answer: Neutrophils

      Explanation:

      Neutrophil polymorphs are the predominant type of white cells in an acute reaction. They pass between endothelial cell junctions to invade damaged tissue so that the effects of injury can be combated. Extravasation occurs with the movement of leukocytes out of the vessel lumen, and is achieved in five phases which are margination, ‘rolling’, adhesion, transmigration and chemotaxis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Inflammatory Responses
      • Pathology
      24.5
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Inflammatory Responses (5/10) 50%
Pathology (5/10) 50%
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