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  • Question 1 - Which of the following regulates the calcium release channels? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following regulates the calcium release channels?

      Your Answer: The calcium concentration

      Correct Answer: Calstabin 2

      Explanation:

      Ca2+ is released from the SR through a Ca2+ release channel, a cardiac isoform of the ryanodine receptor (RyR2), which controls intracytoplasmic [Ca2+] and, as in vascular smooth-muscle cells, leads to the local changes in intracellular [Ca2+] called calcium sparks. A number of regulatory proteins, including calstabin 2, inhibit RyR2 and, thereby, the release of Ca2+ from the SR.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      16.3
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which part of the ECG represents ventricular repolarisation? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which part of the ECG represents ventricular repolarisation?

      Your Answer: QRS complex

      Correct Answer: T wave

      Explanation:

      Ventricular repolarisation is denoted by the T wave.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      3
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - According to Starling's law of the heart: ...

    Correct

    • According to Starling's law of the heart:

      Your Answer: The extent of the preload is proportional to the end-diastolic volume

      Explanation:

      Frank starlings law describes that an increase in the venous return or the end diastolic volume will cause an increase in the stroke volume/ preload and also cardiac output. It stems from the fact that increased venous return will increase the stretch on the ventricular muscle fibers. The sarcomere will stretch a considerable length that is needed for maximum contraction and the development of tension in the muscle fiber. The greater the venous return the greater the cardiac output. This relationship is directly proportional.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      19.2
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Myocardial fibers have a resting membrane potential of approximately: ...

    Correct

    • Myocardial fibers have a resting membrane potential of approximately:

      Your Answer: -90mv

      Explanation:

      The resting membrane potential of the mammalian heart is about -90 mv.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      2.2
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Heart rate can be slowed by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Heart rate can be slowed by:

      Your Answer: Inspiration

      Correct Answer: Grief

      Explanation:

      Grief stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, resulting in a decrease in the heart rate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      8.7
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - All of the following are consistent with the indicator dilution method except--- ...

    Incorrect

    • All of the following are consistent with the indicator dilution method except---

      Your Answer: The cardiac output is equal to the amount of indicator injected divided by its average concentration in arterial blood after a single circulation though the heart

      Correct Answer: In thermodilution, the indicator used is warm saline

      Explanation:

      In thermodilution, the indicator used is cold saline.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      11.5
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Water hammer pulse is found in: ...

    Correct

    • Water hammer pulse is found in:

      Your Answer: Aortic insufficiency

      Explanation:

      Watson’s water hammer pulse is the medical sign which describes a pulse that is bounding and forceful, rapidly increasing and subsequently collapsing, as if it were the sound of a water hammer that was causing the pulse. A water hammer was a Victorian toy in which a tube was half filled with fluid, the remainder being a vacuum. The child would invert and reinvert the tube; each time the impact of the fluid at each end would sound like a hammer blow. This is associated with increased stroke volume of the left ventricle and decrease in the peripheral resistance leading to the widened pulse pressure of aortic regurgitation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      13
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Troponin I is inhibited by calcium binding to: ...

    Correct

    • Troponin I is inhibited by calcium binding to:

      Your Answer: Troponin c

      Explanation:

      At rest troponin I is bound to actin and tropomyosin and covers the site where the myosin head interacts with actin. When calcium enters into the muscle, it binds with troponin C and cause a structural change in troponin I which moves out of the myosin binding site and causes the cross bridges between the actin and myosin filaments to occur.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which of the following results in the resting membrane potential of a myocyte?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following results in the resting membrane potential of a myocyte?

      Your Answer: Activation of outward K+ channels

      Explanation:

      Phase 0 is caused by the sodium current. Voltage gated sodium channels open leading to the influx of sodium into the cardiac muscle cell. Phase 1 is the rapid transient repolarization phase which is caused by the inactivation of the voltage gated sodium channels and opening of the voltage gated potassium channels along with opening of the slow calcium channels. Phase 2 which is the plateau is caused by opening of the slow calcium channels. Phase 4 is caused by closing of the slow calcium channels and opening of the potassium channels leading to efflux of potassium leading to the establishment of the resting membrane potential.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      12.2
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Concerning surface anatomy, where is the apex beat found? ...

    Correct

    • Concerning surface anatomy, where is the apex beat found?

      Your Answer: 5th intercostal space mid clavicular line

      Explanation:

      The location of the apex beat may vary but it is mostly found in the left 5th intercostal space 6 cm from the anterior median line or in the mid clavicular line.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      10.4
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Which of the following structures of the cardiac conduction system is located in...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following structures of the cardiac conduction system is located in the right posterior portion of the interatrial septum?

      Your Answer: SA node

      Correct Answer: AV node

      Explanation:

      AV node is located at the right posterior portion of the interatrial septum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      10.8
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - The celiac trunk consists of which arteries? ...

    Correct

    • The celiac trunk consists of which arteries?

      Your Answer: Left gastric, common hepatic, splenic

      Explanation:

      The celiac trunk is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta. It is 1.25 cm in length. Branching from the aorta at thoracic vertebra 12 (T12). There are three main divisions of the celiac artery:- left gastric artery- common hepatic artery- splenic artery

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      8.9
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - The ability of the SA node cells to allow ionic flow through channels...

    Correct

    • The ability of the SA node cells to allow ionic flow through channels activated in a hyperpolarized state is known as:

      Your Answer: Pace maker potential

      Explanation:

      Rhythmically discharging cells have a membrane potential that, after each impulse, declines to the firing level. Thus this prepotential or Pacemaker potential triggers the next impulse. The inherent leakiness of the sinus nodal fibers to Na+ and Ca2+ causes their self excitation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      13.7
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Which of the following is a method for measurement of cardiac output? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is a method for measurement of cardiac output?

      Your Answer: Indicator dilution method

      Explanation:

      There are two methods of calculating the cardiac output in humans other than doppler with echocardiography: The direct Fick’s method and the indicator dilution method. In the indicator dilution technique, a known amount of a substance such as a dye or, more commonly, a radioactive isotope is injected into an arm vein and the concentration of the indicator in serial samples of arterial blood is determined. The output of the heart is equal to the amount of indicator injected divided by its average concentration in arterial blood after a single circulation through the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4.7
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Generalized vasoconstrictors include: ...

    Incorrect

    • Generalized vasoconstrictors include:

      Your Answer: Carbon monoxide, prostacyclin, catecholamines

      Correct Answer: Norepinephrine, endothelin, angiotensin ii

      Explanation:

      Vasopressin, angiotensin II, adrenaline and endothelin are generalized vasoconstrictors.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      18.2
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Which of the following are responsible for the 4th heart sound? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following are responsible for the 4th heart sound?

      Your Answer: Rapid ventricular filling

      Correct Answer: Ventricular hypertrophy

      Explanation:

      The fourth heart sound is not normally audible in a normal adult. It occurs as a consequence of ventricular hypertrophy. It is caused by filling of the ventricle in atrial systole.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6.3
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - During which phase of the cardiac cycle does most of the ventricular filling...

    Incorrect

    • During which phase of the cardiac cycle does most of the ventricular filling occur?

      Your Answer: Atrial systole

      Correct Answer: Ventricular diastole

      Explanation:

      During the phase of ventricular diastole when the heart muscle relaxes and all the valves are open, blood flows easily into the heart. This is the phase of rapid ventricular filling. During isovolumetric contraction and relaxation the volume of blood in the heart does not change. During ventricular ejection blood enters into the aorta and pulmonary vessels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      14.4
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which of the atrial pressure changes represents the a-wave of the JVP ...

    Correct

    • Which of the atrial pressure changes represents the a-wave of the JVP

      Your Answer: Atrial systole

      Explanation:

      The a-wave created on the venous pulse curve occurs as a result of atrial systole. Due to the pressure build-up in the atria, it causes a back pressure in the vena cava. This pressure is exerted on the valve and this back pressure is what causes a slight increase in the venous pressure.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4.3
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - In the jugular venous pressure wave… ...

    Correct

    • In the jugular venous pressure wave…

      Your Answer: Consists of 3 peaks and 2 troughs

      Explanation:

      The jugular venous pressure (JVP, sometimes referred to as jugular venous pulse) is the indirectly observed pressure over the venous system via visualization of the internal jugular vein. It can be useful in the differentiation of different forms of heart and lung disease. Classically three upward deflections (peaks) and two downward deflections (troughs) have been described:The upward deflections are the a (atrial contraction), c (ventricular contraction and resulting bulging of tricuspid into the right atrium during isovolumetric systole) and v = venous filling.The downward deflections of the wave are the x (the atrium relaxes and the tricuspid valve moves downward) and the y descent (filling of ventricle after tricuspid opening).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      5
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - The major factor in controlling coronary artery blood flow is considered to be?...

    Correct

    • The major factor in controlling coronary artery blood flow is considered to be?

      Your Answer: Metabolites of oxygen consumption

      Explanation:

      There is a strong relationship between myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption. This indicates that products of metabolism may cause vasodilation of the coronary artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      14.8
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - The following are examples of the functions of the vascular endothelium except: ...

    Incorrect

    • The following are examples of the functions of the vascular endothelium except:

      Your Answer: Prothrombotic

      Correct Answer: Tumour suppression

      Explanation:

      Vascular endothelium has many important functions including regulation of vascular tone, molecular exchange between blood and tissue compartments, hemostasis and signaling for the immune regulation and inflammation. Depending on specific tissue needs and local stresses, endothelial cells are capable of evoking either antithrombotic or prothrombotic events. Tumor suppression is related to genes, or anti-oncogenes, that regulate a cell during cell division and replication.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      9.7
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Depolarization of the T tubule membrane activates the sarcoplasmic reticulum via which receptors?...

    Correct

    • Depolarization of the T tubule membrane activates the sarcoplasmic reticulum via which receptors?

      Your Answer: Dihydropyridine receptors

      Explanation:

      Action potentials are transmitted to the fibrils of a fiber through the T tubule system. It triggers the release of Ca 2+ form the terminal cisterns. Depolarization of the T tubules activates the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the dihydropyridine receptors.

      Dihydropyridine receptors (DHPRs), are voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, and ryanodine receptors (RyRs), which are intracellular Ca2+ release channels, are expressed in diverse cell types, including skeletal and cardiac muscle.

      Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are located in the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum membrane and are responsible for the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores during excitation-contraction coupling in both cardiac and skeletal muscle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      11.3
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Which ion channel does not contribute to the myocardial action potential? ...

    Correct

    • Which ion channel does not contribute to the myocardial action potential?

      Your Answer: Chloride channel

      Explanation:

      The upstroke in the cardiac action potential is due to opening of the sodium channels and an influx of sodium into the cell. The initial repolarization phase is due to transient opening of the potassium channels along with calcium channels. Influx of calcium causes the prolonged plateau phase of the action potential. Delayed opening of the rectifier potassium channel and delayed closure of the calcium channel leads to the repolarization phase of cardiac action potential.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4.1
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - The coronary arteries fill during? ...

    Incorrect

    • The coronary arteries fill during?

      Your Answer: Myocardial contraction

      Correct Answer: Diastole

      Explanation:

      During systole the coronary arteries collapse as a result of the pressure due to contraction that is exerted on them. During diastole the heart muscle relaxes and the pressure on the coronary vessels is relieved allowing blood to flow through them to the subendocardium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      3.9
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - In which area is depolarization initiated? ...

    Incorrect

    • In which area is depolarization initiated?

      Your Answer: Purkinje fibers

      Correct Answer: SA node

      Explanation:

      SA node is the pacemaker of the heart. It determines the rate of contractions. It is the place where depolarization is initiated. It exhibits phase 4 depolarization or automaticity. Electrical impulses then spread to the AV node, purkinje fibers, bundle of his and the ventricular muscles.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4.1
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Which of the following antiarrhythmic drugs may be used in the treatment of...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following antiarrhythmic drugs may be used in the treatment of long QT syndrome?

      Your Answer: Flecainide

      Correct Answer: Atenolol

      Explanation:

      Beta-blockers are the mainstay of treatment in long QT syndrome. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators are the most effective treatment in genotypes with a high risk of recurrence.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4.5
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - How many molecules of myosin attach to actin at any given time? ...

    Correct

    • How many molecules of myosin attach to actin at any given time?

      Your Answer: 1

      Explanation:

      1 molecule of myosin binds to actin at any give time.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      12.7
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - The direct determinants of cardiac output are ...

    Correct

    • The direct determinants of cardiac output are

      Your Answer: Stroke volume and heart rate

      Explanation:

      Cardiac output is classically defined alongside stroke volume (SV) and the heart rate (HR) as:Cardiac Output [L/min] = Stroke Volume [L/beat] x Heart Rate [beats/min]

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      11.1
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Which vagus nerve mainly supplies the AV node? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which vagus nerve mainly supplies the AV node?

      Your Answer: Right vagus

      Correct Answer: Left vagus

      Explanation:

      As the AV node develops from the left side of the embryo It is supplied by the left vagus nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      31.8
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - The function of Troponin T in cardiac muscle is? ...

    Incorrect

    • The function of Troponin T in cardiac muscle is?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Allows attachment of troponin components to tropomyosin

      Explanation:

      Troponin T binds the troponin components to tropomyosin. Troponin I inhibits the interaction of myosin with actin, and troponin C contains the binding sites for the Ca2+ that helps initiate contraction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Cardiovascular (18/29) 62%
Medicine (18/29) 62%
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