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  • Question 1 - An example of cholinergic autonomic neurons are: ...

    Correct

    • An example of cholinergic autonomic neurons are:

      Your Answer: Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate sweat glands.

      Explanation:

      All preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system secrete acetylcholine. The postganglionic neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system in all neurons is acetylcholine. Postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system mainly secrete Noradrenalin and Adrenalin but at sweat glands and erector pili muscles the postganglionic neurotransmitter is acetylcholine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      17
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which neuron secretes glutamate as its neurotransmitter? ...

    Correct

    • Which neuron secretes glutamate as its neurotransmitter?

      Your Answer: A delta and C pain fibers

      Explanation:

      A delta and C fibers use glutamate as their primary neurotransmitter where it acts as a fast acting localized neurotransmitter.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      6
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - The primary auditory cortex is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The primary auditory cortex is:

      Your Answer: Brodmann area 42

      Correct Answer: Brodmann area 41

      Explanation:

      A Brodmann area in the brain is defined by cytoarchitecture, histology and organization of cells:Primary Sensory 3,1,2Primary Motor 4Premotor 6Primary Visual 17Primary Auditory 41Brocas 44

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      4.8
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which part of the cerebellum is primarily responsible for interacting with the motor...

    Incorrect

    • Which part of the cerebellum is primarily responsible for interacting with the motor cortex and planning and programming movements?

      Your Answer: Medial hemispheric portions

      Correct Answer: Cerebrocerebellum

      Explanation:

      The cerebrocerebellum is the largest functional subdivision of the cerebellum, comprising of the lateral hemispheres and the dentate nuclei. It is involved in the planning and timing of movements, and in the cognitive functions of the cerebellum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      10.3
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - The inverse stretch reflex causing muscle relaxation when excessive force is applied to...

    Correct

    • The inverse stretch reflex causing muscle relaxation when excessive force is applied to a muscle is mediated by which sensory organ?

      Your Answer: Golgi tendon organ

      Explanation:

      Both the muscle spindle and Golgi tendon body are proprioceptors. The Golgi tendon reflex is a normal component of the reflex arc of the peripheral nervous system. In a Golgi tendon reflex, skeletal muscle contraction causes the antagonist muscle to simultaneously lengthen and relax. This reflex is also called the inverse myotatic reflex, because it is the inverse of the stretch reflex.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      11.9
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve include the following except: ...

    Correct

    • Functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve include the following except:

      Your Answer: Proprioceptive input from muscles of the tongue and larynx

      Explanation:

      The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed nerve consisting of both sensory and motor fibers. It has several branches and five distinct general functions:Branchial motor- Special visceral efferent- supplies the Stylopharyngeus muscle and superior constrictor muscle.Visceral motor- general visceral efferent- provides parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland.Visceral sensory- general visceral afferent- carries visceral sensory information from the carotid sinus and carotid body.General sensory- general somatic afferent- provides general sensory information from the inner surface of the tympanic membrane, upper pharynx and posterior one third of the tongue.Visceral afferent- special visceral afferent- provides taste sensation from the posterior one third of the tongue including the circumvallate papillae.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      10.7
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - The axons of the POST ganglionic neurons are mostly? ...

    Correct

    • The axons of the POST ganglionic neurons are mostly?

      Your Answer: C fibers

      Explanation:

      According to Erlanger- Grasser classification preganglionic fibers are B fibers whereas post ganglionic fibers are C fibers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      3.6
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Which dorsal (sensory) root is responsible for umbilical area sensation? ...

    Correct

    • Which dorsal (sensory) root is responsible for umbilical area sensation?

      Your Answer: T10

      Explanation:

      The area of skin supplied by one nerve is called a dermatome. T10 supplies sensory neurons to the area of the umbilicus. C3 and C4 supply the neck and the shoulder, T4 supplies the dermatome at the level of the nipple, S3 supplies the inguinal region and L5 supplies the lateral aspect of the leg and the medical aspect of the dorsum of the feet plus the first 3 toes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      5.4
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - What landmark divides the frontal and parietal lobes? ...

    Correct

    • What landmark divides the frontal and parietal lobes?

      Your Answer: Central sulcus

      Explanation:

      The central sulcus divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. It contains the motor cells for the movement function of the body.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      9
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Regarding gustatory sensation: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding gustatory sensation:

      Your Answer: The sensory taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue travel to the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve

      Explanation:

      There are three morphologically distinct types of taste buds including; circumvallate, fungiform and foliate. Circumvallate are rounded structures arranged in a v on the back of the tongue. The posterior third travels to glossopharyngeal nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      9.8
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located?

      Your Answer: Ventral root

      Correct Answer: Lateral column

      Explanation:

      The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are located in the lateral grey column of the spinal cord and in the motor nuclei of the 3rd, 7th, 9th and 10th cranial nerves.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      14.5
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Which statement is incorrect regarding nociceptor C fibers… ...

    Incorrect

    • Which statement is incorrect regarding nociceptor C fibers…

      Your Answer: Cold receptors also spans this fiber

      Correct Answer: They are thinly myelinated

      Explanation:

      Group C nerve fibers are unmyelinated and have a small diameter, which means they conduct impulses at a low velocity. They carry sensory information and nociception.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      15
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - The pontine tegmentum as part of the midbrain, contains which cranial nerve nuclei?...

    Correct

    • The pontine tegmentum as part of the midbrain, contains which cranial nerve nuclei?

      Your Answer: CN 5 to 8

      Explanation:

      The pontine tegmentum also known as dorsal pons is located within the brain stem. Several cranial nerve nuclei are located in the pontine tegmentum. The nuclei of CN V, CN VI, CN VII and CNVIII are located in the pontine tegmentum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      9.6
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - The reticular formation occupies which area of the brain? ...

    Incorrect

    • The reticular formation occupies which area of the brain?

      Your Answer: Thalamic nuclei

      Correct Answer: Medulla and midbrain

      Explanation:

      The reticular formation is a set of interconnected nuclei that are located along the brainstem.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      9.4
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - The choroid plexus: ...

    Correct

    • The choroid plexus:

      Your Answer: All are true

      Explanation:

      The choroid plexus is a vascular structure found in all cerebral ventricles. The functional unit of the choroid plexus, composed of a capillary, enveloped by a layer of differentiated ependymal epithelium. Unlike the capillaries that form the blood-brain barrier, choroid plexus capillaries are fenestrated and have no tight junctions. The endothelium, therefore, does not form a barrier to the movement of small molecules. Instead, the blood-CSF barrier at the choroid plexus is formed by the epithelial cells and the tight junctions that link them.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      8.8
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Choose the correct answer: The interposed nuclei… ...

    Incorrect

    • Choose the correct answer: The interposed nuclei…

      Your Answer: Receive input from the spinocerebellar tracts via the inferior and superior cerebellar peduncles

      Correct Answer: Are the emboliform and globose nuclei in the paravermis

      Explanation:

      The interposed nuclei are a part of deep cerebellar complex and are composed of the globose nucleus and the emboliform nucleus. It receives afferent fibers from the anterior lobe of the cerebellum and sends output via the superior cerebellar peduncle to the red nucleus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      9
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Into how many functional units can the cerebellum be divided? ...

    Correct

    • Into how many functional units can the cerebellum be divided?

      Your Answer: 3

      Explanation:

      The functional division of the cerebellum are the: Vestibulocerebellum (floculonodular lobe), Spinocerebellum (vermis and associated areas in the midline) and cerebrocerebellum (lateral hemispheres).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      3.3
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - The tectum as part of the Midbrain contains which structure important in visual...

    Correct

    • The tectum as part of the Midbrain contains which structure important in visual reflexes.

      Your Answer: Superior colliculus

      Explanation:

      The tectum is a part of the midbrain, specifically, the dorsal part of the midbrain. The tectum consists of the superior and inferior colliculi. The superior colliculus is involved in preliminary visual processing and control of eye movement.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      4.6
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Regarding taste threshold and intensity discrimination: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding taste threshold and intensity discrimination:

      Your Answer: 30% change in concentration of substance tasted is necessary before an intensity difference can be detected

      Explanation:

      The ability of humans to differentiate differences in intensity of taste is poor. A 30% change in the concentration of the substance being tasted is required before an intensity difference is perceived.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      11.7
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - What is the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system called?...

    Incorrect

    • What is the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system called?

      Your Answer: Neuron

      Correct Answer: Astrocyte

      Explanation:

      Astrocytes are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. There are two types; the fibrous type is found in the white matter and the protoplasmic type in the grey matter. They are the most abundant cell type in the CNS.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      4.1
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Where do the spinothalamic axons decussate? ...

    Correct

    • Where do the spinothalamic axons decussate?

      Your Answer: Spinal cord

      Explanation:

      The second order neurons from the spinothalamic tract cross obliquely to the opposite side in the anterior grey and white commissure within one segment of the spinal cord.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      5.7
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - In response to tissue injury, which of these cannot sensitize and activate nociceptors?...

    Incorrect

    • In response to tissue injury, which of these cannot sensitize and activate nociceptors?

      Your Answer: Histamine

      Correct Answer: Calcium

      Explanation:

      Histamine, serotonin, bradykinin and prostaglandin are all chemical mediators of inflammation with different distinct functions however all activate nociceptors. Calcium on the other hand cannot sensitize or activate nociceptors.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      8.4
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Concerning the sleep-wake cycle, Melatonin is secreted by which structure in the brain...

    Correct

    • Concerning the sleep-wake cycle, Melatonin is secreted by which structure in the brain following which environmental conditions?

      Your Answer: Pineal gland, darkness

      Explanation:

      Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland located in the midline attached to the posterior roof of the third ventricle in the brain. Melatonin affects circadian rhythm in the body or the sleep wake cycle. The precursor to melatonin is serotonin and the rate limiting enzyme that converts serotonin to melatonin is low during the day time and reaches its peak during the night.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      10.3
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - The primary visual cortex is located in the: ...

    Correct

    • The primary visual cortex is located in the:

      Your Answer: Occipital lobe

      Explanation:

      The primary visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      4.8
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Which of the following is not innervated by the parasympathetic nerve supply? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is not innervated by the parasympathetic nerve supply?

      Your Answer: Sphincter muscle of iris

      Correct Answer: Radial muscle of iris

      Explanation:

      The sphincter pupillae is supplied by the parasympathetic fibers from the Edinger Westphal nucleus of the oculomotor nerve. The dilator pupillae (radial muscle) is supplied by the postganglionic fibers of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. The parasympathetic nerve supply to the salivary glands originate in the parasympathetic nucleus of the facial nerve (superior salivatory nucleus) and the glossopharyngeal nerve (inferior salivatory nucleus). The parasympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve and descend into the thorax in the vagus nerve. The fibers terminate by synapsing with postganglionic neurons in the cardiac plexuses. Postganglionic fibers terminate on the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes and on the coronary arteries Parasympathetic supply to the stomach is via the vagus nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      9.3
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Choose the correct answer: The cerebrocerebellum… ...

    Correct

    • Choose the correct answer: The cerebrocerebellum…

      Your Answer: All options are correct

      Explanation:

      Cerebrocerebellum is comprised of two lateral regions, the cerebellar hemispheres and communicates with the cerebral cortex. It is principally responsible for controlling coordination of movement. Three fiber bundles carry the input and output of the cerebellum. There are three cerebellar peduncles with different connections and functions. The three are mainly, superior, middle and inferior. The superior cerebellar peduncle is also known as the “Brachium conjunctivum”. It predominantly contains efferent fibers from the cerebellar nuclei, as well as some afferents from the spinocerebellar tract. The efferent pathways include cerebellorubral, dentatothalamic, and fastigioreticular fibers. These are tracts projecting from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus and red nucleus. The middle cerebellar peduncle connects to the pontine nucleus and the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts run through the superior cerebellar peduncle

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      10
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Which neurotransmitter is made from hydroxylation and decarboxylation of tryptophan? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which neurotransmitter is made from hydroxylation and decarboxylation of tryptophan?

      Your Answer: Dopamine

      Correct Answer: Serotonin

      Explanation:

      Serotonin is synthesized from the essential amino acid tryptophan. The rate-limiting step is the conversion of the amino acid to 5-hydroxytryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase. This is then converted to serotonin by the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      5.8
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Regarding the formation of CSF, which of the following is true? ...

    Correct

    • Regarding the formation of CSF, which of the following is true?

      Your Answer: Its composition resembles that of brain ECF

      Explanation:

      In normal adults CSF volume is around 125ml to 150ml. Turnover of entire volume of cerebrospinal fluid a day is about 3 to 4 times a day. Composition of CSF is similar to that of plasma except that CSF is nearly protein-free compared with plasma and has a different electrolyte level. About 80% of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus. It is also produced by a single layer of column shaped ependymal cells. The composition and rate of CSF generation depends on several factors and is influenced by hormones and the content and pressure of blood and CSF.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      5.1
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Cranial nerves VI, VII, VIII enter/exit the base of the brain at the:...

    Correct

    • Cranial nerves VI, VII, VIII enter/exit the base of the brain at the:

      Your Answer: Ponto-medullary junction

      Explanation:

      Cranial nerves III, IV and V exit from the pons, VI, VII, VIII exit from the pontomedullary junction and cranial nerve IX, X, XI, XII exit from the medulla.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      9.1
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - In humans, the rate of CSF production per day is: ...

    Incorrect

    • In humans, the rate of CSF production per day is:

      Your Answer: 100-250 mls

      Correct Answer: 450-600 mls

      Explanation:

      CSF is produced around 20-25 ml per hour or 480-600ml per day.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      3.5
      Seconds

  • Question 31 - The cerebellum consists of which three cell layers? ...

    Incorrect

    • The cerebellum consists of which three cell layers?

      Your Answer: Purkinje, stellate, basket

      Correct Answer: Granular, purkinje, molecular

      Explanation:

      The cerebellar cortex consist of 3 layers; the molecular layer, the granular cell layer and the Purkinje cell layer in the middle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      6.9
      Seconds

  • Question 32 - In a 60kg adult male with normal mean arterial pressure and oxygen consumption,...

    Correct

    • In a 60kg adult male with normal mean arterial pressure and oxygen consumption, what proportion of the cardiac output at rest goes to the brain?

      Your Answer: 10-15%

      Explanation:

      The rate of cerebral blood flow in the adult is typically 750 millilitres per minute, which is 10-15% of the cardiac output. On average around 13.9% of cardiac output is distributed to the brain.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      9.8
      Seconds

  • Question 33 - The following is true about the carotid arterial supply to the brain: ...

    Incorrect

    • The following is true about the carotid arterial supply to the brain:

      Your Answer: Direct union with the vertebral artery forms the circle of Willis

      Correct Answer: Following carotid occlusion, precapillary anastomoses are unable to prevent infarction

      Explanation:

      The brain has two sources of blood supply; the internal carotid arteries which are the anterior segment or the main artery that supplies the anterior portion of the brain, and the vertebral arteries which is the posterior segment which supplies the posterior portion of the brain. The internal carotid arteries branch and form two major arteries anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The right and left vertebral arteries fuse together at the level of the pons on the anterior surface of the brainstem to form the midline basilar artery. The basilar artery joins the blood supply from the internal carotids in an arterial ring at the base of the brain called the circle of Willis. The anterior and posterior communicating arteries conjoin the two major sources of cerebral vascular supply via the circle of Willis improving the chances of any region of the brain continuing to receive blood if one of the major arteries becomes occluded.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      26.1
      Seconds

  • Question 34 - Which of the following is the smallest cell of the nervous system? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is the smallest cell of the nervous system?

      Your Answer: Oligodendrocyte

      Correct Answer: Microglia

      Explanation:

      Microglia are the smallest of the neuroglial cells in the nervous system. They are scattered throughout the central nervous system and have phagocytic properties.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      5.1
      Seconds

  • Question 35 - Which part of the neuron has the highest concentration of sodium channels per...

    Incorrect

    • Which part of the neuron has the highest concentration of sodium channels per square millimetre of the cell membrane?

      Your Answer: Axon terminals 20-75

      Correct Answer: Nodes of Ranvier

      Explanation:

      The nodes of Ranvier contain Na+/K+ ATPases, Na+/Ca2+ exchangers and a high density of Na+ channels. The estimated concentration of sodium channels in the node is of ∼1500/μm2.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      6
      Seconds

  • Question 36 - Which receptor type is associated with uterine contracture in pregnancy? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which receptor type is associated with uterine contracture in pregnancy?

      Your Answer: Β2

      Correct Answer: Α1

      Explanation:

      Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors cause uterine contraction during pregnancy. They are linked to Gq-proteins that activate smooth muscle contraction through the IP3 signal transduction pathway.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      4.4
      Seconds

  • Question 37 - Myelin sheath in the CNS is produced by? ...

    Correct

    • Myelin sheath in the CNS is produced by?

      Your Answer: Oligodendrocytes

      Explanation:

      CNS myelin is produced by special cells called oligodendrocytes. PNS myelin is produced by Schwann cells. The two types of myelin are chemically different, but they both perform the same function — to promote efficient transmission of a nerve impulse along the axon.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      3.8
      Seconds

  • Question 38 - Where is the M1 receptor mainly found? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where is the M1 receptor mainly found?

      Your Answer: Smooth muscle

      Correct Answer: Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

      Explanation:

      M1 receptors are found in the sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      7.6
      Seconds

  • Question 39 - Activation of the cool receptor (CMR-1), causes: ...

    Correct

    • Activation of the cool receptor (CMR-1), causes:

      Your Answer: Influx of Ca++ & Na+

      Explanation:

      Cold and Menthol receptor 1 (CMR1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by TRPM8 gene. It is an ion channel which upon activation causes the influx of Na+ and Ca++ ions into the cell that leads to the depolarization and generation of an action potential.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      7.8
      Seconds

  • Question 40 - Interruption of the left optic tract will result in which visual field defect?...

    Incorrect

    • Interruption of the left optic tract will result in which visual field defect?

      Your Answer: Complete blindness of left eye

      Correct Answer: Right homonymous hemianopia

      Explanation:

      Right homonymous hemianopia is due to a lesion or pressure on the left optic tract. Total blindness of the left eye is due to a complete occlusion of the left optic nerve. Bipolar hemianopia is due to a midline chiasmal lesion. Left nasal hemianopia due to a lesion involving the left perichiasmal area. Right homonymous inferior quadrantanopia is due to involvement of the lower left optic radiations.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      6.4
      Seconds

  • Question 41 - The nucleus ambiguus: ...

    Incorrect

    • The nucleus ambiguus:

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Correct Answer: Regulates swallowing, phonation and parasympathetic supply to the heart via CN IX, X and XI

      Explanation:

      Nucleus Ambiguus is a group of large motor neurons found deep in the medullary reticular formation. It contains cell bodies of nerves that are responsible for the innervation of muscles of speech and swallowing which are located in the soft palate, pharynx and larynx. Additionally, it contains cholinergic preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the heart via CN X, IX and XI

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      8.8
      Seconds

  • Question 42 - Which part of the cerebellum is primarily responsible for equilibrium and eye movements?...

    Incorrect

    • Which part of the cerebellum is primarily responsible for equilibrium and eye movements?

      Your Answer: Lateral hemispheric portions

      Correct Answer: Vestibulocerebellum

      Explanation:

      The vestibulocerebellum develops at the same time as the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear. Its regulates balance between agonist and antagonist muscle contractions of the spine, hips, and shoulders during rapid movements.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      8.3
      Seconds

  • Question 43 - The cavernous sinus is? ...

    Correct

    • The cavernous sinus is?

      Your Answer: Lateral to the body of the sphenoid

      Explanation:

      It is a venous sinus which creates a cavity called the lateral sellar compartment bordered by the temporal bone and the sphenoid bone. There are 2 on either side. It is about 1cm wide and extends from the posterior aspect of the orbit to the petrous part of the temporal bone. They sit on either side or lateral to the sphenoid bone.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      3.6
      Seconds

  • Question 44 - Dynein proteins transmit polypeptides/proteins in which direction? ...

    Incorrect

    • Dynein proteins transmit polypeptides/proteins in which direction?

      Your Answer: Both anterograde and retrograde

      Correct Answer: From axons terminals to cell body (retrograde)

      Explanation:

      The majority of axonal proteins are synthesised in the cell body and transported along the axons. Microtubules run along the length of the axon and provide tracks for transportation. Kinesin and Dynein are motor proteins that transport proteins and other organelles. Kinesin moves forward or anterograde transport from cell body to axon, whereas Dynein moves retrograde from axon to cell body.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      6.2
      Seconds

  • Question 45 - Which receptor type is associated with the inhibition of pancreatic endocrine secretion? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which receptor type is associated with the inhibition of pancreatic endocrine secretion?

      Your Answer: Β1

      Correct Answer: Α2

      Explanation:

      The activation of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in pancreatic beta-cells works by inhibiting the secretion of insulin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      4.5
      Seconds

  • Question 46 - Habituation… ...

    Correct

    • Habituation…

      Your Answer: Is a simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is repeated many times

      Explanation:

      It is a simple form of learning where an organism decreases or ceases it’s response to a certain stimuli after repeated presentation. The organisms learns to stop responding to a stimulus which is no longer biologically relevant.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      10
      Seconds

  • Question 47 - Neurogenesis occurs throughout life in the following two areas: ...

    Incorrect

    • Neurogenesis occurs throughout life in the following two areas:

      Your Answer: Hypothalamus and olfactory bulb

      Correct Answer: Hippocampus and striatum

      Explanation:

      In humans, neurogenesis or new neurons are continually born during adulthood in two regions of the brain: The subgranular zone (SGZ), part of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the striatum. In other species of mammals, adult-born neurons also appear in the olfactory bulb. In humans, however, few if any olfactory bulb neurons are generated after birth.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      12
      Seconds

  • Question 48 - Afferent A δ fibers from nociceptors terminate primarily on neurons in which lamina:...

    Incorrect

    • Afferent A δ fibers from nociceptors terminate primarily on neurons in which lamina:

      Your Answer: II and V

      Correct Answer: I and V

      Explanation:

      Nociceptors are receptors of pain sensation. There are 2 primary afferent/sensory pain fibers which transmit impulses from the receptor to the CNS, specifically to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The two fibers are A δ and C fibers. The dorsal horn of the spinal cord is the relay centre for sensory information converging from the periphery. Grey matter of the dorsal horn is subdivided in to laminae based on cytoarchitecture. C fibers terminate in lamina II the substantia gelatinosa. A δ fibers terminate primarily in lamina I but some project more deeply to terminate in lamina V.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      6.2
      Seconds

  • Question 49 - Which one of the following cells originates from a monocyte and resembles a...

    Correct

    • Which one of the following cells originates from a monocyte and resembles a macrophage?

      Your Answer: Microglia

      Explanation:

      Microglia act as the macrophages of the central nervous system, and they contribute to innate and adaptive immune responses. Studies have shown that microglial cells recognize monocyte antigens, and there are similarities between them that demonstrate that they originate from these monocytes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      3.7
      Seconds

  • Question 50 - Which serotonergic receptor is associated with vomiting? ...

    Correct

    • Which serotonergic receptor is associated with vomiting?

      Your Answer: 5ht3

      Explanation:

      5ht3 is a receptor strongly associated with vomiting, present in vagal afferents, the solitary tract nucleus (STN), and the area posterior. For this reason, 5ht3 antagonists are commonly used as antiemetic drugs. They include ondansetron, tropisetron, and granisetron.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
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